The Fountainhead
Ayn Rand, Philosophical Fiction
In the novel The Fountianhead, Ayn Rand uses the main character, Howard Roark, to express her daringly original philosophy--Objectivism. Like Rousseau's "Natural Man" in The Social Contract, Ayn Rand presents Howard as a man, as man should be-- strong-willed, self-sufficient , self-confident, and self motivated. A man who, in spite of cruelty from an unaccepting society, fights to work and live as only he chooses to do so. Through the course of the story the reader sees how Roark completely disregards the norms and principles that define society. He does this to maintain the idea that true happiness cannot be achieved through the standards of others. Rather, happiness can only be attained by subsisting on one's own canon, never for a moment yielding the integrity of his/her ego. This idea, in short, is the basis of Objectivism.
In my opinion, I think Ayn Rand's philosophy is completely ridiculous. According to The Fountainhead our entire society is based upon the unchanging principles made up and maintained solely by powerful, influential old men (Elsworth Toohey). Furthermore, Miss Rand dictates that true happiness can only be found by defying these principles. I would have to say that although Miss Rand's Objetivism works well with in the realm of the book, I fail to see it in the "real world." In the "real world" these underlying principles are ever-changing. Brought out by constantly advancing ideas, technology, and influences, old conventions become replaced everyday. I fail to see the social beauracracy that Miss Rand seems to believe there is. Besides even if it did exist, I don't see how intentionally going against it would make anyone happier.
Although I have to say that I did not agree with Ayn Rand's ideas, I did however find The Fountainhead an excellent read. The story-telling itself makes it a book that is hard to put down. I would definitely recommend it to anyone.
Sunday, December 30, 2012
Science Fair Project Melting Ice
Science Fair Project
Melting Ice
Materials:
- 3 aluminum baking pans
- water to fill each pan
- 1/2 cup of salt
- 1/2 cup of rubbing alcohol
- 1/2 cup of sand
- watch
- large freezer
- thremometor
Procedure:
First fill three aluminum baking pans with water and
freeze them in alarge freezer for three hours. Then get a
thremometor to get the tempature of the freezer. Then make sure
that you put them all in for the same amount of time. Label each
ofthe aluminum baking pans A and the other B and the other C.
Then check on them every half a hour to see if they are frozen
yet. Then when they turn completly into a solid,(take them
out of the freezer) pour 1/2 cup of each subtance into a seperate
baking pan. Make sure that when you pour the subtance in pour
it evenly. Then label the pan with the name of its subtance.
Then time to see which one melts first and then second and the
last one to melt. Then record how long it took each one to
melt.
Research:
The temperature at which water forms into a solid is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius. The temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius is called freezing point. The freezing point is decreased by about .55 degrees Celsius or 1 degree Fahrenheit for each increase of 80 atmospheres of pressure.
Melting Ice
Materials:
- 3 aluminum baking pans
- water to fill each pan
- 1/2 cup of salt
- 1/2 cup of rubbing alcohol
- 1/2 cup of sand
- watch
- large freezer
- thremometor
Procedure:
First fill three aluminum baking pans with water and
freeze them in alarge freezer for three hours. Then get a
thremometor to get the tempature of the freezer. Then make sure
that you put them all in for the same amount of time. Label each
ofthe aluminum baking pans A and the other B and the other C.
Then check on them every half a hour to see if they are frozen
yet. Then when they turn completly into a solid,(take them
out of the freezer) pour 1/2 cup of each subtance into a seperate
baking pan. Make sure that when you pour the subtance in pour
it evenly. Then label the pan with the name of its subtance.
Then time to see which one melts first and then second and the
last one to melt. Then record how long it took each one to
melt.
Research:
The temperature at which water forms into a solid is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius. The temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius is called freezing point. The freezing point is decreased by about .55 degrees Celsius or 1 degree Fahrenheit for each increase of 80 atmospheres of pressure.
Safety Inspector
The Safety Inspector
Mr. Redos, I am an inspector for the OSHA. I have noticed the following safety objects missing in the room F 203, chemistry room. These are sprinklers, a drain, and a glass wall. You must have these objects for the safety of the students and the faculty. I have also observed the following safety objects present in the regarded room. Fire blanket, fire extinguisher, fire shower, first-aid kit, an apron, eye goggles, and an eye shower.
I am very concerned in the following situations. If a fire spread throughout the classroom, there are no sprinklers to extinguish the fire only a fire extinguisher. Another situation is if someone were to use the fire shower, there would be no drain for the water to go to, thus a very slippery floor that is unsafe. When the teacher is conducting experiments in the front of the room, there is no glass wall to protect the students in the case of an explosion.
Some improvements that must be made are installing sprinklers. Another must is the glass wall, the last thing a school would want to do is to deal with would be an injured kid. Not a necessary improvement, but suggested is to put in a drain for the fire shower. I like your regulations on everyone must wear goggles and the use of a fire blanket. I am also very pleased with the amount of exits from the room in the case of fire.
Overall you have the basic safety functions intact but you still need to add a couple of more precautions for when an emergency might take place.
Mr. Redos, I am an inspector for the OSHA. I have noticed the following safety objects missing in the room F 203, chemistry room. These are sprinklers, a drain, and a glass wall. You must have these objects for the safety of the students and the faculty. I have also observed the following safety objects present in the regarded room. Fire blanket, fire extinguisher, fire shower, first-aid kit, an apron, eye goggles, and an eye shower.
I am very concerned in the following situations. If a fire spread throughout the classroom, there are no sprinklers to extinguish the fire only a fire extinguisher. Another situation is if someone were to use the fire shower, there would be no drain for the water to go to, thus a very slippery floor that is unsafe. When the teacher is conducting experiments in the front of the room, there is no glass wall to protect the students in the case of an explosion.
Some improvements that must be made are installing sprinklers. Another must is the glass wall, the last thing a school would want to do is to deal with would be an injured kid. Not a necessary improvement, but suggested is to put in a drain for the fire shower. I like your regulations on everyone must wear goggles and the use of a fire blanket. I am also very pleased with the amount of exits from the room in the case of fire.
Overall you have the basic safety functions intact but you still need to add a couple of more precautions for when an emergency might take place.
Pyrite
Disclaimer:
Any material contained here after is not
to be taken seriously on the grounds that
it was written when all of the mortal and/or normal
world should be and probably is asleep and the
author may and probably does have a distorted
interpretation and/ or perception of reality and
of the facts contained , so the material proceeding
this disclaimer does not necessarily represent the
authors views of reality, pyrite, family values, and
whatever other information he doesn't remember
he put in this report at the time of writing but still
did whether or not he believes it to be true and/ or
interesting ,which it probably isn't, weather you like it or not...
Pyrite, also known as Fools Gold is the most
common of the sulfide minerals. Pyrite is called
Fool's Gold because of it's pale brass yellow color
and glistening metallic luster, but it may be told from
gold by it's cubic, dodecahedral, and octahedral
crystals and fine grain masses. Some interesting facts
about pyrite are that it has a greenish black streak, a
rating of 6.0 to 6.5 on the mohs scale, a specific
gravity of 5.00 to 5.02 , it creates a weak electric
current when heated and in some of it's various form's
it has been used in early fire arms and fire starting
kits. It's biggest commercial use is in making sulfuric
acid but it is also important in nature for forming ore
and mineral deposits. Any questions?
Any material contained here after is not
to be taken seriously on the grounds that
it was written when all of the mortal and/or normal
world should be and probably is asleep and the
author may and probably does have a distorted
interpretation and/ or perception of reality and
of the facts contained , so the material proceeding
this disclaimer does not necessarily represent the
authors views of reality, pyrite, family values, and
whatever other information he doesn't remember
he put in this report at the time of writing but still
did whether or not he believes it to be true and/ or
interesting ,which it probably isn't, weather you like it or not...
Pyrite, also known as Fools Gold is the most
common of the sulfide minerals. Pyrite is called
Fool's Gold because of it's pale brass yellow color
and glistening metallic luster, but it may be told from
gold by it's cubic, dodecahedral, and octahedral
crystals and fine grain masses. Some interesting facts
about pyrite are that it has a greenish black streak, a
rating of 6.0 to 6.5 on the mohs scale, a specific
gravity of 5.00 to 5.02 , it creates a weak electric
current when heated and in some of it's various form's
it has been used in early fire arms and fire starting
kits. It's biggest commercial use is in making sulfuric
acid but it is also important in nature for forming ore
and mineral deposits. Any questions?
Nobelium
NOBELIUM
Nobelium has the symbol No and is a radioactive metallic element with an atomic number of 102. Nobelium is in the actinide series being labeled as one of the transuranium elements. The element is named after Alfred Bernhard Nobel, the Swedish inventor and philanthropist.
Nobelium can be found when produced artificially in a laboratory. Discovery of the element was first claimed in 1957 by scientific groups in the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden, but the first confirmed discovery of a nobelium isotope was by a team of scientists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California and that took place in 1958. The isotope was created by bombarding curium isotopes with carbon ions.
Chemically, the properties of nobelium are unknown, but because it is an actinide, its properties should resemble those of the rare earth elements. Isotopes with mass numbers from 250 to 259 and 262 are known. The most stable isotope, nobelium-259, has a half-life of 58 minutes. The most common isotope, nobelium-255, has a half-life of a few minutes.
Nobelium has the symbol No and is a radioactive metallic element with an atomic number of 102. Nobelium is in the actinide series being labeled as one of the transuranium elements. The element is named after Alfred Bernhard Nobel, the Swedish inventor and philanthropist.
Nobelium can be found when produced artificially in a laboratory. Discovery of the element was first claimed in 1957 by scientific groups in the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden, but the first confirmed discovery of a nobelium isotope was by a team of scientists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California and that took place in 1958. The isotope was created by bombarding curium isotopes with carbon ions.
Chemically, the properties of nobelium are unknown, but because it is an actinide, its properties should resemble those of the rare earth elements. Isotopes with mass numbers from 250 to 259 and 262 are known. The most stable isotope, nobelium-259, has a half-life of 58 minutes. The most common isotope, nobelium-255, has a half-life of a few minutes.
MiniResearch
Mini- Research
ELECTRON- In 1897, Sir J. J. Thomas, an English physicist, measured the deflection of cathode-ray particles in magnetic and electrical fields. As a result he found the ratio of the charge, e, to the mass, m, of the cathode-ray particles. He found e/m identical to those particles irrespective of the metal the electrodes were made of or the kind of gas in the tube. In 1909, RA Millikan, an American scientist, measured that charge. All electrons are found to be identical no matter their source or the method of liberating them from matter. From the values of e/m, and e, the mass of an electron was calculated to be .00055 amu.
PROTON- Eugeen Goldstein used a Crookes tube with holes in the cathode, and observed that another kind of ray was emitted from the anode and passed through the holes. He discovered this in 1886. In 1889, William Wien showed these rays to be positively charged. The ratio of charge to mass was smaller than electrons, but varied in different gasses. This meant that either charge varied, mass varied or both varied. Both vary. Charge is equal to an electron, but opposite in sign. Mass was smaller when used as a gas. From the values of e/m for positive particles, m was calculated to be 1.0073 amu. This became known as a proton.
NEUTRON- In 1932, James Chadwick detected the third of the basic parts of an atom. He showed that uncharged particles, or neutrons, are emitted when atoms of other elements are bombarded with high-velocity helium atoms with all electrons remored, or an alpha particle. Neutrons were determined to have a mass of 1.0087 amu. They are unstable outside of an atom and slowly degenerate to form protons and electrons.
ELECTRON- In 1897, Sir J. J. Thomas, an English physicist, measured the deflection of cathode-ray particles in magnetic and electrical fields. As a result he found the ratio of the charge, e, to the mass, m, of the cathode-ray particles. He found e/m identical to those particles irrespective of the metal the electrodes were made of or the kind of gas in the tube. In 1909, RA Millikan, an American scientist, measured that charge. All electrons are found to be identical no matter their source or the method of liberating them from matter. From the values of e/m, and e, the mass of an electron was calculated to be .00055 amu.
PROTON- Eugeen Goldstein used a Crookes tube with holes in the cathode, and observed that another kind of ray was emitted from the anode and passed through the holes. He discovered this in 1886. In 1889, William Wien showed these rays to be positively charged. The ratio of charge to mass was smaller than electrons, but varied in different gasses. This meant that either charge varied, mass varied or both varied. Both vary. Charge is equal to an electron, but opposite in sign. Mass was smaller when used as a gas. From the values of e/m for positive particles, m was calculated to be 1.0073 amu. This became known as a proton.
NEUTRON- In 1932, James Chadwick detected the third of the basic parts of an atom. He showed that uncharged particles, or neutrons, are emitted when atoms of other elements are bombarded with high-velocity helium atoms with all electrons remored, or an alpha particle. Neutrons were determined to have a mass of 1.0087 amu. They are unstable outside of an atom and slowly degenerate to form protons and electrons.
Linus Carl Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling was born in 1901 and died in 1994. He was an American chemist and physicist, whose investigations into the structure of molecules led to discoveries of how chemicals bond.
Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901, and educated at Oregon State College and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He began to apply his insights into quantum physics as professor of chemistry at Caltech, where from 1927 to 1964 he made many of his discoveries. By devising techniques such as X-ray and electron diffraction, he was able to calculate the interatomic distances and angles between chemical bonds.
During the 1930s, Pauling introduced concepts that helped reveal the bonding forces of molecules. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, the result of these investigations, has been a major influence on scientific thinking since it was published in 1939. Pauling also investigated the atomic structure of proteins, including hemoglobin, and discovered that cell deformity in sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic defect that influences the production of hemoglobin. He was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work. In later years Pauling fought ardently against nuclear weapons testing, warning the public of the biological dangers of radioactive fallout, and presented a petition to the United Nations in 1958 signed by over 11,000 other scientists. In 1962 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the second person, after Marie Curie, to win two Nobel Prizes.
Throughout his scientific career, Pauling has followed his creative hunches, no matter how controversial they were. In 1970, for example, he advocated large doses of vitamin C to treat the common cold-a belief, however, that few medical authorities have endorsed.
Linus Carl Pauling was born in 1901 and died in 1994. He was an American chemist and physicist, whose investigations into the structure of molecules led to discoveries of how chemicals bond.
Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901, and educated at Oregon State College and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He began to apply his insights into quantum physics as professor of chemistry at Caltech, where from 1927 to 1964 he made many of his discoveries. By devising techniques such as X-ray and electron diffraction, he was able to calculate the interatomic distances and angles between chemical bonds.
During the 1930s, Pauling introduced concepts that helped reveal the bonding forces of molecules. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, the result of these investigations, has been a major influence on scientific thinking since it was published in 1939. Pauling also investigated the atomic structure of proteins, including hemoglobin, and discovered that cell deformity in sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic defect that influences the production of hemoglobin. He was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work. In later years Pauling fought ardently against nuclear weapons testing, warning the public of the biological dangers of radioactive fallout, and presented a petition to the United Nations in 1958 signed by over 11,000 other scientists. In 1962 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the second person, after Marie Curie, to win two Nobel Prizes.
Throughout his scientific career, Pauling has followed his creative hunches, no matter how controversial they were. In 1970, for example, he advocated large doses of vitamin C to treat the common cold-a belief, however, that few medical authorities have endorsed.
Ideal gas vs a real gas
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas which perfectly fits into the equation PV= nRT . An ideal gas is different from a real gas in many ways. An ideal gases' mass can be disregarded in the equation because it has none; this is because an ideal gas is said to be a particle and particles do not have any mass. Ideal gases obtain no volume unlike real gases which obtain small volumes. Also, since ideal gas particles excerpt no attractive forces, their collisions are elastic. Real gases excerpt small attractive forces. The pressure of an ideal gas is much greater than that of a real gas since its particles lack the attractive forces which hold the particles back when they collide. Therefore, they collide with less force. The differences between ideal gases and real gases can be viewed most clearly when the pressure is high, the temperature is low, the gas particles are large, and when the gas particles excerpt strong attractive forces. Monoatomic gas molecules are much closer to ideal gases than other particles since their particles are so small. Because of the differences between ideal and real gases, Van der Waals created an equation to relate the two.
front office
The Role of The Front Office
A security program is most effective when all employees participate in the hotel's security efforts. Front office staff play a paticularly important role. Front desk agent, door attendants, bellpersons, and parking attendantshave the oppurtunity to observe all persons entering or departing the premises. Suspicious activities or circumstances involving a guest or visitor should be reported to the hotel's security department or a designated staff member.
Several procedures front desk agents should use to protect guests and property have already been mentioned. For example, front desk agents should never give keys, room numbers, messages, or mail to anyone requesting them without first requiring appropriate identification. Similiarly, the front desk agent should not announce an arriving guest's room number.
Guest's may be further proteceted if the front office prohibits staff members frrom providing guest information to callers or visitors. Generally, front desk agent should not mention guest room numbers. People calling guest's at the hotel should be directly connected to the appropriate guestroom without being informed of the room number. Conversely, someone asking for a specific room number over the telephone should never be connected until the caller identifies whom he or she is calling and the hotel employee verifies the identity of the person in the room requested. A person inquiring at the front desk about a guest may be asked to use the house phones so that they connect only to the hotel operator. The caller can then be properly screened to provideadditional security.
Front office staff may also inform guest's of personal precautions they may take. For example, front desk agents may suggest that guests hide and secure any valuables left in their cars. Bellpersons accompanying the guest to a room generally provide instructions on the operation of in-room equipment. The bellpersons may also review any decals or notices in the room relating to guest security. This should always include emergency evacuation paths and procedures. The front office may provide the guests with flyers containing safety tips, such as the example shown in exhibit 6.5.
A security program is most effective when all employees participate in the hotel's security efforts. Front office staff play a paticularly important role. Front desk agent, door attendants, bellpersons, and parking attendantshave the oppurtunity to observe all persons entering or departing the premises. Suspicious activities or circumstances involving a guest or visitor should be reported to the hotel's security department or a designated staff member.
Several procedures front desk agents should use to protect guests and property have already been mentioned. For example, front desk agents should never give keys, room numbers, messages, or mail to anyone requesting them without first requiring appropriate identification. Similiarly, the front desk agent should not announce an arriving guest's room number.
Guest's may be further proteceted if the front office prohibits staff members frrom providing guest information to callers or visitors. Generally, front desk agent should not mention guest room numbers. People calling guest's at the hotel should be directly connected to the appropriate guestroom without being informed of the room number. Conversely, someone asking for a specific room number over the telephone should never be connected until the caller identifies whom he or she is calling and the hotel employee verifies the identity of the person in the room requested. A person inquiring at the front desk about a guest may be asked to use the house phones so that they connect only to the hotel operator. The caller can then be properly screened to provideadditional security.
Front office staff may also inform guest's of personal precautions they may take. For example, front desk agents may suggest that guests hide and secure any valuables left in their cars. Bellpersons accompanying the guest to a room generally provide instructions on the operation of in-room equipment. The bellpersons may also review any decals or notices in the room relating to guest security. This should always include emergency evacuation paths and procedures. The front office may provide the guests with flyers containing safety tips, such as the example shown in exhibit 6.5.
Decomposition
Decomposition
12/09/96
Purpose:
In this lab we will observe the products of decomposition of potassium perchlorate (KClO4). We will then predict from our results the correct chemical reaction equation.
Procedure:
1. Weigh out about 4.0g of KClO4 in a test tube. Record the accurate weight below.
Product Weight Before Weight After
Mass of Test tube + KClO4 41.5g 39.8g
Mass of Test tube 37.5g 37.5
Mass of KClO4 4.0g 2.3g
2. Set up the apparatus shown below.
3. Gently heat the test tube containing the potassium perchlorate. Gas should begin to collect in the collection bottle. Record all observation.
4. Once the reaction is complete, no more gas give off, allow the test tube to cool. While the test tube is cooling test the gas in the collection bottle with glowing splint.
Caution: Do not leave the rubber tubing down in the water trough during cooling or you will experience back-up.
5. After the test tube has cooled weigh it on a balance. What is the change in mass?
Observations:
Oxygen flowed from the test tube into the bottle of water, forcing the water out.
Burning ember re-ignited when placed into the bottle of O2.
Calculations:
1. The number of moles of KClO4 that we began with is .03 moles. 4.0g ¸ 138.6g/mol = .03 moles
2. The number of moles of O2 that were present in our sample of KClO4 was .06 moles. 1.9g ¸ 32g/mole = .06 moles
3. The number of moles of O2 lost is .02 moles. 1.7g ¸ 32g/mol = .05 moles
4. KClO4 à KCl + 202
4.0g ¸ 138.6g/mol = .03 moles ´ 202 ¸ KClO4 = .06 moles ´ 32g = 1.9g
5 Percent Yield: 89% O2 lost 1.7g ¸ O2 Expected 1.9g
12/09/96
Purpose:
In this lab we will observe the products of decomposition of potassium perchlorate (KClO4). We will then predict from our results the correct chemical reaction equation.
Procedure:
1. Weigh out about 4.0g of KClO4 in a test tube. Record the accurate weight below.
Product Weight Before Weight After
Mass of Test tube + KClO4 41.5g 39.8g
Mass of Test tube 37.5g 37.5
Mass of KClO4 4.0g 2.3g
2. Set up the apparatus shown below.
3. Gently heat the test tube containing the potassium perchlorate. Gas should begin to collect in the collection bottle. Record all observation.
4. Once the reaction is complete, no more gas give off, allow the test tube to cool. While the test tube is cooling test the gas in the collection bottle with glowing splint.
Caution: Do not leave the rubber tubing down in the water trough during cooling or you will experience back-up.
5. After the test tube has cooled weigh it on a balance. What is the change in mass?
Observations:
Oxygen flowed from the test tube into the bottle of water, forcing the water out.
Burning ember re-ignited when placed into the bottle of O2.
Calculations:
1. The number of moles of KClO4 that we began with is .03 moles. 4.0g ¸ 138.6g/mol = .03 moles
2. The number of moles of O2 that were present in our sample of KClO4 was .06 moles. 1.9g ¸ 32g/mole = .06 moles
3. The number of moles of O2 lost is .02 moles. 1.7g ¸ 32g/mol = .05 moles
4. KClO4 à KCl + 202
4.0g ¸ 138.6g/mol = .03 moles ´ 202 ¸ KClO4 = .06 moles ´ 32g = 1.9g
5 Percent Yield: 89% O2 lost 1.7g ¸ O2 Expected 1.9g
Cobalt
Cobalt
My report is about the element Cobalt. Cobalt is the 27th element on the periodical table and has an atomic number of twenty-seven. It has a symbol of Co. Cobalt¹s atomic weight is 58.9332. It has a melting point of 1,490š C. and a boiling point of 2,900š C. Cobalt looks almost exactly like iron and nickel. Cobalt is between iron and nickel on the periodical table and found in only .001-.002 percent of the earth¹s crust. Cobalt was first found in the Harz Mountains. People in the silver mines dug up arsenic cobalt ores. Then, because they thought the ores contained copper, heated the ores releasing arsenic trioxides. Cobalt was named after the German kobold. A kobold was said to be an underground goblin or demon. In 1735 cobalt was identified. Cobalt is a white metal with a bluish cast. It is magnetic and very hard and does not tarnish.
Cobalt has many uses and I will talk about some of them. It is a very expensive metal that is used in the manufacture of very many expensive alloys. Cobalt-iron alloys have very unique and special magnetic properties. For example, Hyperco is used as the nucleus in strong electromagnets. Alloys containing titanium, aluminum, cobalt and nickel can be made to become permanently magnetic. One alloy, called Stellite, is an alloy of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, and molybdenum. This alloy is extremely hard and keeps its hardness at extreme temperatures. It has many uses: cutting tools are made of it along with gas turbines. Zaire is the world¹s largest producer of cobalt with 65% of the world¹s reserve.
Cobalt is a common trace element found in food. It is a component of vitamin B12. It is important to our health. But excessive amounts may cause nausea, damage to the heart, kidneys, and nerves, and even cause death.
I think that Cobalt is a neat element. Before I did this report I knew nothing of Cobalt. Now I know how they use it as an alloy and in other ways.
My report is about the element Cobalt. Cobalt is the 27th element on the periodical table and has an atomic number of twenty-seven. It has a symbol of Co. Cobalt¹s atomic weight is 58.9332. It has a melting point of 1,490š C. and a boiling point of 2,900š C. Cobalt looks almost exactly like iron and nickel. Cobalt is between iron and nickel on the periodical table and found in only .001-.002 percent of the earth¹s crust. Cobalt was first found in the Harz Mountains. People in the silver mines dug up arsenic cobalt ores. Then, because they thought the ores contained copper, heated the ores releasing arsenic trioxides. Cobalt was named after the German kobold. A kobold was said to be an underground goblin or demon. In 1735 cobalt was identified. Cobalt is a white metal with a bluish cast. It is magnetic and very hard and does not tarnish.
Cobalt has many uses and I will talk about some of them. It is a very expensive metal that is used in the manufacture of very many expensive alloys. Cobalt-iron alloys have very unique and special magnetic properties. For example, Hyperco is used as the nucleus in strong electromagnets. Alloys containing titanium, aluminum, cobalt and nickel can be made to become permanently magnetic. One alloy, called Stellite, is an alloy of cobalt, chromium, tungsten, and molybdenum. This alloy is extremely hard and keeps its hardness at extreme temperatures. It has many uses: cutting tools are made of it along with gas turbines. Zaire is the world¹s largest producer of cobalt with 65% of the world¹s reserve.
Cobalt is a common trace element found in food. It is a component of vitamin B12. It is important to our health. But excessive amounts may cause nausea, damage to the heart, kidneys, and nerves, and even cause death.
I think that Cobalt is a neat element. Before I did this report I knew nothing of Cobalt. Now I know how they use it as an alloy and in other ways.
Chevron
Chevron is the second largest producer of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. It is the third largest producer of oil in the United States and 24 other countries. Their production worldwide has been quoted as 1.4 million barrels of oil and gas a day. Chevron's products are transported over land by pipeline and tankers, and over water by barges. The headquarters for this huge corporation is in Houston, Texas, but they also have offices in California, London, Singapore, Mexico, and Moscow to name a few. They have pipelines that extend across the United States and also in Africa, Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Europe, and the Middle East. In addition to oil and natural gas, Chevron is also one of the leading coal producers in the United States. The company is very interested in the environment and more than half of the company's reserves are of low sulfur coal. Chevron's latest accomplishment is geared towards capturing much of the oil reserves waiting to be found in Russia. Before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chevron had nearly signed a deal with the government to buy Tenghiz, the biggest oil field to become available in twenty years. Hug reserves of oil, approximately 250 billion barrels, were waiting to be taken from the earth. After the uprising in Russia, Chevron feared that the deal would be off. Fortunately, they were able to bargain with the new-found government and enter into a joint agreement to produce oil from the fields in Tenghiz. At this time, Chevron is planning to export the oil from Russia by pipeline to the Black Sea where it will be transported out by oil tanker. The cost of this entire deal will be somewhere in the area of $10 billion dollars. In 1991 Chevron had revenues of $40 billion dollars with a net income for the year of 1.3 billion dollars.
Bunsin Burner
Bunsen Burner
In class on Monday. We learn how to use a Bunsen burner. We had to tell what was the hottest and coolest part of the flame. When we finish that. We had to take a wire and go up and down in the flame to see what was the hottest part of the flame. After we did that, we had to take a evaporating dish, and put it into the flame and see what would be collected on the dish.
To hook the Bunsen burner up. We had to connect the burner to a gas jet with the rubber hose that was hook to the burner. Then we had to make sure that the needle value was rotating barrel was closed, so no gas or air was not going through the burner. To light the burner we had to open the needle value so the gas can flow through the burner. Then take a lighted match over the side to light it. Don't allow any air when you are lighting the burner. When it is lit you will see a yellow flame. Then you would take the evaporating dish and put it in the flame for a few minutes. To see what would be collected on the dish. after you do that. Then you turn the barrel until you can't see the yellow flame anymore. Then put the dish in the hottest part of the flame and see what happens. After you do that. You would cut off the burner by closing the needle value and closing the barrel. Then you would cut off the gas.
In the conclusion the hottest part of the flame was the top part of the flame, and the coolest part of the flame was the blue cone in the middle. Soot was on the bottom of the dish the first time. When you put the dish back in the hottest part of the flame. It had cleaned the bottom of the dish. That is how you use a Bunsen burner.
In class on Monday. We learn how to use a Bunsen burner. We had to tell what was the hottest and coolest part of the flame. When we finish that. We had to take a wire and go up and down in the flame to see what was the hottest part of the flame. After we did that, we had to take a evaporating dish, and put it into the flame and see what would be collected on the dish.
To hook the Bunsen burner up. We had to connect the burner to a gas jet with the rubber hose that was hook to the burner. Then we had to make sure that the needle value was rotating barrel was closed, so no gas or air was not going through the burner. To light the burner we had to open the needle value so the gas can flow through the burner. Then take a lighted match over the side to light it. Don't allow any air when you are lighting the burner. When it is lit you will see a yellow flame. Then you would take the evaporating dish and put it in the flame for a few minutes. To see what would be collected on the dish. after you do that. Then you turn the barrel until you can't see the yellow flame anymore. Then put the dish in the hottest part of the flame and see what happens. After you do that. You would cut off the burner by closing the needle value and closing the barrel. Then you would cut off the gas.
In the conclusion the hottest part of the flame was the top part of the flame, and the coolest part of the flame was the blue cone in the middle. Soot was on the bottom of the dish the first time. When you put the dish back in the hottest part of the flame. It had cleaned the bottom of the dish. That is how you use a Bunsen burner.
Atom Book
STATEMENT: These were meant to be cut ou as a childrens book each paragraph is a new page.
Hey kids! Today I'm going to introduce
you to the world of atoms. Atoms are
little things that you or anybody else have ever seen.
Make up things like trees, cars, paper, even you.
So let's shrink down to size and see what it's like.
We're going to into the Helium atom today.
An atom is made of little things called protons, nuetrons, and
electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge,
and electrons have a negative charge. Electrons travel around the center of
the atom, which is called the nucleus. Kind of like how Earth revolves around the sun.
Protons and nuetrons make up the center of the atom.
The atom has an atomic number. Scientists find that number by counting how many
protons are in the nucleus. In this case Helium has two protons.
Scientists find the average atomic mass by adding up protons and neutrons many times.
Then they divide the total by how many times they tried this. This time Helium has
an average of 4 protons and neutrons in the center.
The electron arrangement is the number of electrons in each ring or shell.
In this case helium has 1 ring with 2 electrons in it. An aatom can have up to
only 7 rings.
An atomic symbol is the letter(s) that describe the element. Like He means
helium, but if you wrote it HE it could mean something totally different so be
careful.
An isotope has fewer or more neutrons than protons.
So there isn't the same number of protons as neutrons.
Well now that I'm big again I hope you learned everything
you wanted to know about atoms.
Hey kids! Today I'm going to introduce
you to the world of atoms. Atoms are
little things that you or anybody else have ever seen.
Make up things like trees, cars, paper, even you.
So let's shrink down to size and see what it's like.
We're going to into the Helium atom today.
An atom is made of little things called protons, nuetrons, and
electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge,
and electrons have a negative charge. Electrons travel around the center of
the atom, which is called the nucleus. Kind of like how Earth revolves around the sun.
Protons and nuetrons make up the center of the atom.
The atom has an atomic number. Scientists find that number by counting how many
protons are in the nucleus. In this case Helium has two protons.
Scientists find the average atomic mass by adding up protons and neutrons many times.
Then they divide the total by how many times they tried this. This time Helium has
an average of 4 protons and neutrons in the center.
The electron arrangement is the number of electrons in each ring or shell.
In this case helium has 1 ring with 2 electrons in it. An aatom can have up to
only 7 rings.
An atomic symbol is the letter(s) that describe the element. Like He means
helium, but if you wrote it HE it could mean something totally different so be
careful.
An isotope has fewer or more neutrons than protons.
So there isn't the same number of protons as neutrons.
Well now that I'm big again I hope you learned everything
you wanted to know about atoms.
'Chemistry'
CHEMISTRY
I am chemistry. I am mysterious and mature, malodorous, yet vivacious. I am a heaving
search for answers to all kinds of interesting questions. I am extremely broad, that I
overlap with all the other natural sciences. I am the fundamental unit of matter-the atom-
only to be seen by the utmost effective microscope. I prosper in the dashing, fiery flames
in a fragile glass beaker over a bunsen burner and develope powerful rocket fuels. I am
a clamorous explosion of two flammable chemicals intermixed in a laboratory. I am liquid
flowing from one tube to another, "volumous" gas, and clustered solids. I am the most abundant
element in the Earth's crust, a thick,blanket of gas enveloping the Earth, providing gases
necessary for the support of plants and animals. I am the colorless air that is breathed
in constantly. I am the plunging rain tah pours when the sun is shining, the white, damp
snow that drifts in children's dreams, and the darting hail that prevents little boys and
girls to attend school. I am the vivid part of life. I shield protection for those below
me from the sun's intense heat. I am fed and drunk by those who go through hunger. As acid
contained in the human body, I digest food and clean out wastes. I am a desperate hope for
a cure, yet poison, slowly spreading in the air and along the land. I am the colorful
fireworks "sprocketed" across the dark sky when the touch of two soft lips are gently
pressed together. I am the warm tears trickling slowly down a child's face when the thought
of going to school all alone crosses his mind. I am te pure exhilaration every time two
people fall in love. I am rubbed roughly against a filthy body and massaged along a baby's
butt. Ancient or modern, I am vigorous.
I am chemistry. I am mysterious and mature, malodorous, yet vivacious. I am a heaving
search for answers to all kinds of interesting questions. I am extremely broad, that I
overlap with all the other natural sciences. I am the fundamental unit of matter-the atom-
only to be seen by the utmost effective microscope. I prosper in the dashing, fiery flames
in a fragile glass beaker over a bunsen burner and develope powerful rocket fuels. I am
a clamorous explosion of two flammable chemicals intermixed in a laboratory. I am liquid
flowing from one tube to another, "volumous" gas, and clustered solids. I am the most abundant
element in the Earth's crust, a thick,blanket of gas enveloping the Earth, providing gases
necessary for the support of plants and animals. I am the colorless air that is breathed
in constantly. I am the plunging rain tah pours when the sun is shining, the white, damp
snow that drifts in children's dreams, and the darting hail that prevents little boys and
girls to attend school. I am the vivid part of life. I shield protection for those below
me from the sun's intense heat. I am fed and drunk by those who go through hunger. As acid
contained in the human body, I digest food and clean out wastes. I am a desperate hope for
a cure, yet poison, slowly spreading in the air and along the land. I am the colorful
fireworks "sprocketed" across the dark sky when the touch of two soft lips are gently
pressed together. I am the warm tears trickling slowly down a child's face when the thought
of going to school all alone crosses his mind. I am te pure exhilaration every time two
people fall in love. I am rubbed roughly against a filthy body and massaged along a baby's
butt. Ancient or modern, I am vigorous.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)